Monkeypox: Symptoms and prevention, outbreak of monkey pox 2023 in Pakistan

Monkey pox virus

 

What is Monkeypox:

Monkeypox is a rare viral disease that was first discovered in monkeys in 1958. The disease is caused by the monkeypox virus, which is similar to the virus that causes smallpox. Monkeypox is found primarily in Central and West African countries, and it is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans.

Transmission:

The monkeypox virus is transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, such as blood, saliva, or pus. The virus can also be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets or contact with bodily fluids, skin lesions, or contaminated objects.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of monkeypox are similar to those of smallpox, but they are usually less severe. The incubation period of monkeypox is between 5 to 21 days. The initial symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, chills, and exhaustion. Within one to three days of the onset of fever, a rash develops, often beginning on the face, then spreading to the trunk and limbs. Lesions progress to pustules and then scab over and fall off within two to four weeks.

Treatment:

There is no specific treatment for monkeypox. Treatment is supportive, and symptoms can be managed with antipyretics, analgesics, and antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Vaccination against smallpox has been shown to be effective in preventing monkeypox.

Monkeypox treatment

Prevention:

Prevention of monkeypox is similar to that of other zoonotic diseases. People should avoid contact with infected animals, and proper hand hygiene should be practiced. It is also recommended to avoid contact with people who have monkeypox or have been exposed to the virus.

In conclusion, monkeypox is a rare viral disease that is transmitted from animals to humans. It is characterized by fever, rash, and lesions that progress to scab over and fall off within two to four weeks. There is no specific treatment for monkeypox, and prevention is based on avoiding contact with infected animals and practicing proper hand hygiene. If you suspect you may have been exposed to monkeypox, seek medical attention immediately.

Is monkey pox lethal? 

Monkeypox is a viral disease that can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, chills, and exhaustion. In some cases, a rash may also develop, often beginning on the face and then spreading to other parts of the body. While monkeypox is generally a self-limiting disease that usually resolves within a few weeks, severe cases can occur, and complications can arise, such as pneumonia, sepsis, and even death.

The Mortality rate:

The mortality rate for monkeypox varies depending on several factors, including the strain of the virus, the individual's age and overall health, and the availability of appropriate medical care. In general, the mortality rate is thought to be around 1% to 10% but can be higher in certain populations, such as those with weakened immune systems. It's important to note that the disease is rare and is primarily found in remote parts of Central and West Africa.

Outbreak of monkey virus in 2017 in Nigeria:

The most recent outbreak of monkeypox occurred in Nigeria in 2017. The outbreak began in September 2017 and continued until early 2018. The Nigerian Centreville for Disease Control (NCDC) reported a total of 172 confirmed cases of monkeypox during the outbreak, with 14 of those cases resulting in fatalities. The outbreak was contained through the efforts of the NCDC and other public health agencies, including isolation of suspected and confirmed cases, contact tracing, and public awareness campaigns on prevention measures. Since then, there have been sporadic cases of monkeypox reported in other countries, including the United States, Israel, and Singapore, but these cases have been imported and have not resulted in sustained transmission within the community.

Outbreak of Monkeypox in 2023 worldwide and in Pakistan :

WHO had reported cases of monkeypox in 110 member states across all six WHO regions since January 2022.As of April 25, 2023, there have been 87,113 laboratory-confirmed cases and 130 deaths reported to WHO. 

There are two reported cases of monkeypox  which are been detected in Islamabad, they landed back to Pakistan from Saudi Arabia. It is according to officials who confirmed it. 

 The samples of the victims were sent to the National Institute of Health (NIH) in Islamabad, which confirmed the presence of the virus.

An advisory issued by the Sindh Health Services Directorate General stated that the hospital administrations were required to establish a designated separate area with five to 10 rooms for isolation of monkeypox cases within 24 hours.

Please moniter that If anyone presents with acute illness with fever more than 38.3°C (101°F),  headache which is intense, lymphadenopathy, myalgia back ache,  and intense asthenia followed one to three days later by a progressively developing rash often beginning on the face and then spreading elsewhere on the body, including soles of feet and palms of hands and along with travel history of epidemic countries where monkey cases are reported, then these are suspected cases sadly.

We should  be vigilant for the detection of any suspected cases and ensure that we are prepare to launch response activities for curtailing the transmission of monkeypox disease in Sindh.

جنین کی جنین میں موجودگی ایک ابنارملٹی ۔طفیلی جڑواں جنین

 جنین میں جنین ایک نادر پیدائشی ابنارملٹی ہے جو اس وقت ہوتی ہے جب ایک طفیلی جڑواں اپنے بہن بھائی کے جسم کے اندر نشوونما پاتا ہے۔ یہ حالت کسی دوسرے جنین یا شیر خوار بچے کے جسم کے اندر جزوی طور پر بننے والے جنین کی موجودگی کی خصوصیت ہے۔ جنین میں جنین ٹیراٹوما کی ایک قسم ہے، ایک ٹیومر جو مختلف قسم کے بافتوں پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے، بشمول بال، دانت، ہڈی اور دیگر         اعضاء۔

                                                                                                                                                 :   وجوہات

جنین میں جنین کی صحیح وجہ اچھی طرح سے سمجھ میں نہیں آئی ہے، لیکن خیال کیا جاتا ہے کہ یہ ابتدائی جنین کی نشوونما کے دوران ہوتا ہے جب ایک جڑواں دوسرے کے ذریعے جذب ہو جاتا ہے۔ یہ حالت اکثر بچوں اور چھوٹے بچوں میں تشخیص کی جاتی ہے، لیکن یہ بالغوں میں بھی   پایا جا سکتا ہے

                                                                                                                                                     :علامات

جنین میں جنین کی علامات ٹیومر کے مقام اور سائز کے لحاظ سے مختلف ہوتی ہیں۔ کچھ معاملات غیر علامتی ہوتے ہیں اور صرف امیجنگ اسٹڈیز کے دوران اتفاقی طور پر دریافت ہوسکتے ہیں۔ تاہم، بعض صورتوں میں، ٹیومر پیٹ کے پھیلاؤ، سانس لینے میں دشواری اور دیگر پیچیدگیوں کا سبب بن سکتا ہے۔

             

                                                                                                                                   :تشخیص

جنین میں جنین کی تشخیص عام طور پر امیجنگ اسٹڈیز جیسے الٹراساؤنڈ، سی ٹی اسکین، یا ایم آر آئی کے ذریعے کی جاتی ہے۔ شاذ و نادر ہی، تشخیص کو تلاش کرنے کے لیے بایوپسی ضروری ہو سکتی ہے۔جنین میں جنین ایک نایاب حالت ہے، جس میں طبی لٹریچر میں 200 سے کم کیس رپورٹ ہوئے ہیں۔ تاہم، اس نے عوام کے تخیل کو اپنی گرفت میں لے لیا ہے اور یہ متعدد کتابوں، فلموں اور ٹی وی شوز کا موضوع رہا ہے۔ ایک شخص کو اپنے اندر لے جانے کا تصور کہانی سنانے والوں کے لیے طویل عرصے سے مسحور کن رہا ہے اور جنین میں جنین کی حقیقت بھی افسانے جیسی  ہے۔

                                                 : دنیا بھر کی مثالیں

جنین میں جنین کی ایک قابل ذکر مثال چین سے ملتی ہے، جہاں ہوانگ یجن نامی ایک خاتون 60 سال سے زائد عرصے تک اپنے پیٹ میں کیلسیفائیڈ جنین کے ساتھ رہتی تھی۔ ہوانگ یجن 1948 میں حاملہ ہوئی تھیں، لیکن اس کے ڈاکٹر طبی وسائل کی کمی اور اس کی اپنی غربت کی وجہ سے جنین کو ہٹانے سے قاصر تھے۔ وقت گزرنے کے ساتھ، جنین کیلکیف ہو گیا اور اس کے پیٹ میں ایک سخت ماس ​​بن گیا۔ اس کی تکلیف کے باوجود، ہوانگ یجن 2009 تک اس ماس کو ہٹانے سے قاصر تھی، جب گوانگزو کے ایک ہسپتال کے ڈاکٹروں نے مفت طریقہ کار انجام دینے کی پیشکش کی۔ سرجری کامیاب رہی، اور ڈاکٹر کیلسیفائیڈ جنین کو نکالنے میں کامیاب ہو گئے، جس کا وزن 4 پاؤنڈ سے زیادہ تھا۔ ہوانگ یجن کا کیس نہ صرف اس بات کے لیے قابل ذکر ہے کہ وہ اس حالت کے ساتھ کتنے عرصے تک زندہ رہی، بلکہ طبی اور سماجی عوامل کے لیے بھی قابل ذکر ہے۔ اس کا علاج کرنے سے قاصر ہے۔ اس کی کہانی طبی دیکھ بھال تک رسائی کی اہمیت اور جنین میں جنین جیسی نایاب طبی حالتوں میں مسلسل تحقیق کی ضرورت پر روشنی ڈالتی ہے

جنین میں جنین کی ایک اور مثال میں، بھارت میں ایک نوجوان لڑکی نے اپنی کھوپڑی سے غیر ترقی یافتہ جنین کو نکالنے کے لیے سرجری کرائی۔ سرجری کے وقت بچی کی عمر 4 ماہ تھی، پیدائش کے بعد سے ہی اس کے سر کے دائیں جانب سوجن محسوس ہو رہی تھی۔ ڈاکٹروں کو شبہ تھا کہ یہ سوجن برین ٹیومر کی وجہ سے ہوئی ہے لیکن مزید امیجنگ سے لڑکی کی کھوپڑی کے اندر ایک غیر ترقی یافتہ جنین کی موجودگی کا انکشاف ہوا۔ سرجیکل ٹیم جنین کو کامیابی کے ساتھ نکالنے میں کامیاب رہی، جو جزوی طور پر بنی ہوئی پائی گئی تھی اور اس کے جسم کے کئی اعضاء تھے جن میں سر، اعضاء اور آنتیں شامل تھیں۔ لڑکی سرجری سے مکمل طور پر صحت یاب ہو گئی تھی اور واپس آنے کے قابل تھی۔ اس کے خاندان کے ساتھ گھر. اس کا کیس، جو طبی جریدے نیوروپیتھولوجی میں رپورٹ کیا گیا تھا، جنین میں انٹراکرینیل جنین کے چند دستاویزی کیسز میں سے ایک ہے اور نایاب طبی حالات کی محتاط تشخیص اور علاج کی اہمیت کو اجاگر کرتا ہے۔

جنین میں انٹراکرینیل جنین حالت کی ایک خاص طور پر نایاب شکل ہے، جس میں طبی لٹریچر میں 20 سے کم کیس رپورٹ ہوئے ہیں۔ جنین میں انٹراکرینیل جنین کی صحیح وجہ اچھی طرح سے سمجھ میں نہیں آئی ہے، لیکن یہ خیال کیا جاتا ہے کہ یہ برانن کی نشوونما کے دوران ہوتا ہے جب ایک جڑواں دوسرے کے ذریعے جذب ہو جاتا ہے۔

اگرچہ جنین میں جنین کے معاملات نایاب ہیں، وہ انسانی نشوونما کی پیچیدگی اور غیر معمولی نشوونما اور تفریق کے امکانات کے بارے میں اہم بصیرت فراہم کرتے ہیں۔ ان حالات کے بارے میں ہماری سمجھ کو بہتر بنانے اور متاثرہ افراد کے لیے مؤثر علاج کے اختیارات فراہم کرنے کے لیے مسلسل تحقیق اور طبی پیش رفت کی ضرورت ہے۔

ماربرگ وائرس کیا ہے، اس کی علامات اور علاج اور 2023 میں استوائی گنی اور تنزانیہ میں اس کا پھیلنا

ماربرگ وائرس، جسے ماربرگ ہیمرجک فیور  بھی جانا جاتا ہے، ایک شدید اور ممکنہ طور پر مہلک وائرل انفیکشن ہے جس کا تعلق ایبولا وائرس کے اسی خاندان سے ہے۔ اس وائرس کی شناخت پہلی بار 1967 میں ہوئی تھی جب ماربرگ اور فرینکفرٹ، جرمنی کے ساتھ ساتھ بلغراد، یوگوسلاویہ میں ایک ساتھ وبا پھیلی تھی۔ یہ وائرس انسانوں میں متاثرہ جانوروں سے رابطے کے ذریعے یا متاثرہ افراد کے جسمانی رطوبتوں کے ذریعے منتقل ہوتا ہے۔ مارکبرگ وائرس، اس کی علامات اور علاج کے بارے میں آپ کو جاننے کی ضرورت ہے۔

                                    ماربرگ وائرس کی علامات

ماربرگ وائرس کی علامات ہر شخص میں مختلف ہو سکتی ہیں، لیکن عام طور پر بخار، سر درد، پٹھوں میں درد، اور تھکاوٹ شامل ہیں، جو ظاہر ہونے کے 5-10 دنوں کے اندر پیدا ہو سکتے ہیں۔ یہ ابتدائی علامات اس کے بعد الٹی، اسہال، پیٹ میں درد، اور سینے، کمر اور پیٹ پر خارش کی شکل اختیار کر سکتی ہیں۔ بعض صورتوں میں، مریضوں کو آنکھوں، ناک اور مسوڑھوں سمیت متعدد اعضاء سے نکسیر یا خون بہنے کا تجربہ بھی ہو سکتا ہے۔ جیسے جیسے مرض بڑھتا ہے، مریضوں کو جگر اور گردے کی خرابی، صدمہ اور موت کا سامنا کرنا پڑ سکتا ہے۔

                                              ماربرگ وائرس کا علاج

فی الحال ماربرگ وائرس کا کوئی خاص علاج نہیں ہے، اور  علاج میں بنیادی طور پر علامات کا انتظام کرنے اور پیچیدگیوں کو روکنے کے لیے معاون دیکھ بھال شامل ہے۔ مریضوں کو عام طور پر ہسپتال میں داخل کیا جاتا ہے اور انہیں قے اور اسہال کی وجہ سے ضائع ہونے والے سیالوں کو تبدیل کرنے کے لیے نس میں سیال اور الیکٹرولائٹس دی جاتی ہیں۔ خون کی منتقلی اور آکسیجن تھراپی بھی اعضاء کے کام کو سپورٹ کرنے کے لیے دی جا سکتی ہے، اور ثانوی بیکٹیریل انفیکشن کے علاج کے لیے اینٹی بائیوٹکس دی جا سکتی ہیں۔

معاون نگہداشت کے علاوہ، تجرباتی علاج تیار کیے جا رہے ہیں، جن میں اینٹی وائرل ادویات، مونوکلونل اینٹی باڈیز، اور کنولیسنٹ پلازما تھراپی شامل ہیں۔ ان علاجوں نے جانوروں کے مطالعے اور چھوٹے پیمانے پر انسانی آزمائشوں میں امید افزا نتائج دکھائے ہیں، لیکن بڑی آبادی میں ماربرگ وائرس کے علاج میں ان کی افادیت واضح نہیں ہے۔

                                         ماربرگ وائرس کی روک تھام

ماربرگ وائرس کے پھیلاؤ کو روکنے میں متاثرہ جانوروں اور لوگوں کے سامنے آنے سے بچنے کے لیے احتیاطی تدابیر اختیار کرنا شامل ہے۔ یہ وائرس پریمیٹ، خاص طور پر افریقی پھلوں کی چمگادڑوں کو متاثر کرنے کے لیے جانا جاتا ہے، اور یہ متاثرہ جانوروں کے خون، تھوک، یا دیگر جسمانی رطوبتوں سے براہ راست رابطے کے ذریعے پھیل سکتا ہے۔ وہ لوگ جو جانوروں کے ساتھ کام کرتے ہیں یا ان علاقوں کا دورہ کرتے ہیں جہاں وائرس موجود ہونے کے بارے میں معلوم ہوتا ہے، انہیں احتیاطی تدابیر اختیار کرنی چاہئیں، جیسے کہ حفاظتی لباس، دستانے اور ماسک پہننا، اور اپنے ہاتھ بار بار دھونا۔

        یہ وائرس متاثرہ لوگوں کے ساتھ قریبی رابطے سے بھی پھیل سکتا ہے، خاص طور پر ان لوگوں میں جو علامات ظاہر کر رہے ہیں۔ وہ لوگ جو کسی ایسے شخص کے ساتھ قریبی رابطے میں رہے ہیں جن کا وائرس ہونے کا شبہ ہے انہیں اپنی صحت کی قریب سے نگرانی کرنی چاہئے اور اگر ان میں کوئی علامت ظاہر ہوتی ہے تو طبی امداد حاصل کرنی چاہئے۔

         ان اقدامات کے علاوہ ماربرگ وائرس کے خلاف ویکسین تیار کرنے کی کوششیں کی جا رہی ہیں۔ اس وقت کئی ویکسین تیار ہو رہی ہیں، بشمول ایبولا وائرس پر مبنی ایک ویکسین، جس کا ماربرگ وائرس سے گہرا تعلق ہے۔ ان ویکسین کے کلینیکل ٹرائلز نے جانوروں کے مطالعے اور چھوٹے پیمانے پر انسانی آزمائشوں میں امید افزا نتائج دکھائے ہیں، لیکن بڑی آبادی میں ان کی حفاظت اور افادیت کا تعین کرنے کے لیے مزید تحقیق کی ضرورت ہے۔

ایکویٹوریل گنی اور تنزانیہ میں مہلک ماربرگ        وائرس کا پھیلنا

              ڈبلیو ایچ او نے کہا: "باٹا میں تصدیق شدہ کیسز کی موجودگی سے بیماری کے پھیلاؤ کا خطرہ بڑھ جاتا ہے، کیونکہ یہ ایکواٹوریل گنی کا سب سے زیادہ آبادی والا شہر اور اقتصادی مرکز ہے، جس میں بین الاقوامی ہوائی اڈہ اور بندرگاہ ہے۔

"باٹا میں بھی سب سے زیادہ تصدیق شدہ کیسز اور تصدیق شدہ اموات کی اطلاع ملی ہے۔"

 ملک میں ماربرگ میں 11 ہلاکتوں کی تصدیق ہوئی ہے، لیکن خیال کیا جاتا ہے کہ مزید 23 اموات اس وائرس کی وجہ سے ہوئی ہیں، جس سے یہ ایبولا جیسے ہیمرجک بخار کے اب تک ریکارڈ کیے جانے والے بدترین پھیلاؤ میں سے ایک ہے۔

                                                                       نتیجہ

ماربرگ وائرس ایک نایاب لیکن سنگین وائرل انفیکشن ہے جو شدید علامات اور ممکنہ طور پر مہلک پیچیدگیوں کا سبب بن سکتا ہے۔ اگرچہ فی الحال وائرس کا کوئی خاص علاج موجود نہیں ہے، لیکن معاون دیکھ بھال علامات کو منظم کرنے اور پیچیدگیوں کو روکنے میں مدد کر سکتی ہے۔ وائرس کے پھیلاؤ کو روکنے میں متاثرہ جانوروں اور لوگوں کے سامنے آنے سے بچنے کے لیے احتیاطی تدابیر اختیار کرنا شامل ہے اور وائرس کے خلاف ویکسین تیار کرنے کی کوششیں کی جا رہی ہیں۔ اگر آپ کو شک ہے کہ آپ کو ماربرگ وائرس کا سامنا کرنا پڑا ہے یا آپ اس بیماری کی علامات کا سامنا کر رہے ہیں تو فوری طور پر طبی امداد حاصل کریں۔ ابتدائی پتہ لگانے اور علاج سے صحت یابی کے امکانات کو بہتر بنایا جا سکتا ہے اور پیچیدگیوں کے خطرے کو کم کیا جا سکتا ہے۔

فیریٹین کیا ہے؟, ferritin, An iron storage protein

 فیریٹین ایک پروٹین ہے جو جسم میں آئرن کو ذخیرہ کرنے میں اہم کردار ادا کرتا ہے۔ یہ انسانوں سمیت تقریباً تمام جانداروں میں موجود ہے۔ انسانوں میں، فیریٹین بنیادی طور پر جگر، تللی، بون میرو اورڈھانچے سے جڑے پٹھوں میں پایا جاتا ہے۔

آئرن بہت سے حیاتیاتی عمل کے لیے ضروری معدنیات ہے، بشمول آکسیجن کی نقل و حمل، توانائی کی پیداوار، اور ڈی این اے کی ترکیب۔ تاہم، اضافی آئرن جسم کے لیے زہریلا ہو سکتا ہے، جس سے ٹشو کو نقصان اور اعضاء کی خرابی ہو سکتی ہے۔ لہذا، جسم کو لوہے کی مقدار کو مضبوطی سے منظم کرنا چاہئے جو وہ ذخیرہ کرتا ہے اور جذب کرتا ہے۔

فیریٹین اضافی آئرن کے لیے بفر کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے، اسے   خلیوں اور بافتوں کو نقصان پہنچانے سے روکتا ہے۔ یہ لوہے یعنی آٸرن کو غیر زہریلی، حل پذیر شکل میں ذخیرہ کرتا ہے جسے ضرورت پڑنے پر آسانی سے جاری کیا جا سکتا ہے۔ پروٹین اپنے کھوکھلے کور کے اندر 4,500 لوہے کے ایٹموں کو رکھ سکتا ہے، جو اسے ایک موثر ذخیرہ کرنے والا مالیکیول بناتا ہے۔

فیریٹین کی سطح کو خون کے ٹیسٹ کے ذریعے ماپا جا سکتا ہے، اور یہ عام طور پر آئرن کی کمی یا زیادہ بوجھ کی تشخیص کے لیے استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ کم فیریٹین کی سطح خون کی کمی کی نشاندہی کر سکتی ہے، ایسی حالت جہاں جسم میں خون کے سرخ خلیے کافی نہیں ہوتے، یا آئرن کی کمی،جو کہ جسم میں آئرن کی کافی کمی ہے۔ دوسری طرف، زیادہ فیریٹین کی سطح لوہے کے اوورلوڈ کی نشاندہی کر سکتی ہے، جو ہیموکرومیٹوسس یا جگر کو نقصان پہنچانے جیسی بیماریوں کا باعث بن سکتی ہے۔

خلاصہ یہ کہ فیریٹین ایک اہم پروٹین ہے جو جسم میں آئرن کی سطح کو منظم کرنے میں اہم کردار ادا کرتا ہے۔ یہ ایک بفر کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے، اضافی آئرن کو خلیوں اور بافتوں کو نقصان پہنچانے سے روکتا ہے، اور اسے غیر زہریلی، حل پذیر شکل میں ذخیرہ کرتا ہے۔ خون کے ٹیسٹ کے ذریعے فیریٹین کی سطح کی نگرانی کرنے سے آئرن سے متعلقہ حالات کی تشخیص اور ان کا انتظام کرنے میں مدد مل سکتی ہے، بشمول خون کی کمی اور آئرن اوورلوڈ۔

فیریٹین کی کمی کا علاج۔

فیریٹین ایک پروٹین ہے جو جسم میں آئرن کو ذخیرہ کرتا ہے، اور فیریٹین کی کمی خون کی کمی اور دیگر صحت کے مسائل کا باعث بن سکتی ہے۔ اگر آپ کو فیریٹین کی کمی کی تشخیص ہوئی ہے، تو اسے دور کرنے کے کئی طریقے ہیں، بشمول:

آئرن سپلیمنٹیشن: آئرن سپلیمنٹس لینا فیریٹین کی کمی کا علاج کرنے کے سب سے عام طریقوں میں سے ایک ہے۔ آپ کا ڈاکٹر آپ کے لیے آئرن سپلیمنٹ تجویز کر سکتا ہے یا ایک تجویز کر سکتا ہے۔

غذائی تبدیلیاں: آئرن کی زیادہ مقدار والی غذائیں کھانے سے آپ کے فیریٹین کی سطح کو بڑھانے میں بھی مدد مل سکتی ہے۔ آئرن کے اچھے ذرائع میں سرخ گوشت، مرغی، سمندری غذا، پھلیاں، دال، پالک اور مضبوط اناج شامل ہیں۔

وٹامن سی: آپ کے آئرن سپلیمنٹ کے ساتھ وٹامن سی لینا یا وٹامن سی سے بھرپور غذائیں کھانے سے آپ کے جسم کو آئرن کو زیادہ مؤثر طریقے سے جذب کرنے میں مدد مل سکتی ہے۔

خون کی منتقلی: فیریٹین کی کمی کی سنگین صورتوں میں، فیریٹین کی سطح کو تیزی سے بڑھانے کے لیے خون کی منتقلی ضروری ہو سکتی ہے۔



بنیادی حالات کا علاج کریں: بعض اوقات، فیریٹین کی کمی کسی بنیادی حالت جیسے سیلیک بیماری یا گردے کی دائمی بیماری کی وجہ سے ہوتی ہے۔ ان حالات کا علاج کرنے سے فیریٹین کی سطح کو بڑھانے میں مدد مل سکتی ہے۔

یہ ضروری ہے کہ آپ اپنے ڈاکٹر کے ساتھ تعاون کریں تاکہ آپ کی کمی کی شدت اور آپ کی کسی بھی بنیادی حالت کی بنیاد پر آپ کے لیے بہترین علاج کے منصوبے کا تعین کیا جا سکے۔

What is Marburg virus, its symptoms and cureand its outbreak in equatorial guinea and tanzania in 2023

 

                    Marburg virus

Marburg virus, also known as the Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF), is a severe and potentially fatal viral infection that belongs to the same family as the Ebola virus. The virus was first identified in 1967 when an outbreak occurred simultaneously in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany, as well as Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The virus is transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or through contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals. Here's what you need to know about the Markburg virus, its symptoms, and cure.

Symptoms of marburg virus 

Symptoms of Marburg Virus

The symptoms of Marburg virus can vary from person to person, but typically include fever, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue, which can develop within 5-10 days of exposure. These initial symptoms can then progress to vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and a rash on the chest, back, and stomach. In some cases, patients may also experience hemorrhaging or bleeding from multiple organs, including the eyes, nose, and gums. As the disease progresses, patients may experience liver and kidney failure, shock, and death.

Treatment for Marburg Virus

There is currently no specific cure for Marburg virus, and treatment primarily involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Patients are usually hospitalized and given intravenous fluids and electrolytes to replace fluids lost through vomiting and diarrhea. Blood transfusions and oxygen therapy may also be given to support organ function, and antibiotics may be given to treat secondary bacterial infections.

In addition to supportive care, experimental treatments are being developed, including the use of antiviral drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and convalescent plasma therapy. These treatments have shown promising results in animal studies and small-scale human trials, but their efficacy in treating Marburg virus in larger populations remains unclear.

Preventing Marburg Virus

Preventing the spread of Marburg virus involves taking precautions to avoid exposure to infected animals and people. The virus is known to infect primates, particularly African fruit bats, and can be transmitted through direct contact with blood, saliva, or other bodily fluids of infected animals. People who work with animals or visit areas where the virus is known to be present should take precautions, such as wearing protective clothing, gloves, and masks, and washing their hands frequently.

        The virus can also be transmitted through close contact with infected people, particularly those who are showing symptoms. People who have been in close contact with someone suspected of having the virus should monitor their health closely and seek medical attention if they develop any symptoms.

         In addition to these measures, efforts are being made to develop a vaccine against Marburg virus. Several vaccines are currently in development, including a vaccine based on the Ebola virus, which is closely related to Marburg virus. Clinical trials of these vaccines have shown promising results in animal studies and small-scale human trials, but further research is needed to determine their safety and efficacy in larger populations.

 

 Outbreak Of deadly Marburg virus in Equitorial Guinea and Tanzania

              The WHO said: “The presence of confirmed cases in Bata increases the risk of disease spread, as it is the most populated city and economic hub of Equatorial Guinea, with an international airport and port.

“Bata has also reported the highest number of confirmed cases and confirmed deaths.”

 The  country has reported 11 confirmed Marburg deaths, but another 23 fatalities are thought to have been caused by the virus, making it one of the worst ever recorded outbreaks of the Ebola-like haemorrhagic fever.

Conclusion

Marburg virus is a rare but serious viral infection that can cause severe symptoms and potentially fatal complications. While there is currently no specific cure for the virus, supportive care can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Preventing the spread of the virus involves taking precautions to avoid exposure to infected animals and people, and efforts are being made to develop a vaccine against the virus. If you suspect that you may have been exposed to Marburg virus or are experiencing symptoms of the disease, seek medical attention immediately. Early detection and treatment can improve the chances of recovery and reduce the risk of complications.

Choroid Plexus Cysts and its treatment

Choroid plexus cyst in brain

Choroid Plexus Cysts

Choroid plexus cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop in the choroid plexus, which is a structure in the brain that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These cysts are relatively common and can be detected in up to 1% of all prenatal ultrasounds. While they can cause concern for parents and physicians, they are typically benign and do not cause any long-term harm to the developing fetus.

Diagnosis :

Choroid plexus cysts are typically diagnosed during a routine prenatal ultrasound, which is usually performed between 18 and 22 weeks of pregnancy. They appear as small, fluid-filled sacs located within the choroid plexus, which is located in the ventricles of the brain. The ventricles are spaces in the brain that contain CSF, which helps to protect and nourish the brain and spinal cord.

Choroid plexus radiology :

Choroid plexus cysts are typically diagnosed using prenatal ultrasound, which uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus. These cysts appear as small, fluid-filled sacs located within the choroid plexus, which is located in the ventricles of the brain.

On ultrasound, choroid plexus cysts appear as well-defined, hypoechoic (dark) structures within the brain ventricles. They may be solitary or multiple and vary in size. The presence of a choroid plexus cyst may be associated with an increased risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomy 18 or trisomy 21, and may prompt additional testing or counseling.

In some cases, a prenatal MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) may be performed to obtain more detailed images of the brain and surrounding structures. MRI can provide more detailed information about the size, location, and characteristics of choroid plexus cysts, as well as any associated structural abnormalities.

In rare cases, if there is concern for hydrocephalus or other complications associated with the choroid plexus cyst, a fetal echocardiogram (an ultrasound of the fetal heart) or fetal MRI may be performed to further evaluate the fetus.

Overall, prenatal ultrasound is the most common and reliable method for diagnosing choroid plexus cysts. The use of additional imaging techniques, such as MRI or fetal echocardiogram, may be necessary in certain cases to further evaluate the fetus and assess any potential risks or complications.

When to worry about:

The vast majority of choroid plexus cysts are asymptomatic and do not cause any problems for the developing fetus. In fact, many cysts will disappear on their own before birth. However, in some cases, larger cysts may cause compression of adjacent structures, leading to hydrocephalus (an accumulation of CSF in the brain) or other complications. In these cases, the cysts may need to be monitored closely or treated with medical intervention.

In most cases, choroid plexus cysts are considered a benign finding and do not require any specific treatment or intervention. However, the presence of choroid plexus cysts may be associated with an increased risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomy 18 or trisomy 21. For this reason, parents may be offered additional testing or counseling to help determine the cause of the cysts and to assess any potential risks to the developing fetus.

If a chromosomal abnormality is suspected, further testing may be recommended, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS). These tests involve the removal of a small sample of tissue from the placenta or amniotic fluid, which can then be analyzed for genetic abnormalities. While these tests are highly accurate, they do carry a small risk of complications, such as miscarriage or infection.

In some cases, choroid plexus cysts may be associated with other abnormalities, such as structural defects in the brain or other organs. If these abnormalities are detected, parents may be offered additional testing or counseling to help them understand the potential implications for their child's health.

Conclusion :

In conclusion, choroid plexus cysts are a relatively common finding on prenatal ultrasound, and in most cases, they are considered a benign finding that does not require any specific treatment or intervention. However, they may be associated with an increased risk of certain chromosomal abnormalities, and in some cases, they may be associated with other structural abnormalities or complications. For this reason, parents should be offered counseling and additional testing to help them understand the potential implications for their child's health and to make informed decisions about their pregnancy.

Cure of Choroid plexus cysts:

Choroid plexus cysts are typically benign and do not require any specific treatment or intervention. In most cases, these cysts will resolve on their own before birth and do not cause any long-term harm to the developing fetus. However, in rare cases, larger cysts may cause compression of adjacent structures, leading to complications such as hydrocephalus (an accumulation of CSF in the brain). 

If a choroid plexus cyst is associated with other abnormalities or complications, such as hydrocephalus or structural defects in the brain or other organs, medical intervention may be necessary. In these cases, treatment may involve the insertion of a shunt to help drain excess CSF from the brain or surgery to remove the cyst or repair any structural defects.

It is important to note that in most cases, choroid plexus cysts are not a cause for concern and do not require any specific treatment or intervention. However, parents should be offered counseling and additional testing to help them understand the potential implications for their child's health and to make informed decisions about their pregnancy.

Fetus in fetu: The Phenomenon of the Parasitic Twin

Fetus in fetu

 Fetus in fetu is a rare congenital abnormality that occurs when a parasitic twin develops inside the body of its sibling. This condition is characterized by the presence of a partially formed fetus within the body of another fetus or infant. Fetus in fetu is a type of teratoma, a tumor composed of different types of tissue, including hair, teeth, bone, and other organs.

Causes:

The exact cause of fetus in fetu is not well understood, but it is thought to occur during early embryonic development when one twin becomes absorbed by the other. This condition is often diagnosed in infants and young children, but it can also be found in adults.

Symptoms :

Symptoms of fetus in fetu vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some cases are asymptomatic and may only be discovered incidentally during imaging studies. However, in some cases, the tumor can cause abdominal distension, difficulty breathing, and other complications.

Diagnosis :

Diagnosis of fetus in fetu is typically made through imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI. Rarely, a biopsy may be necessary to find the diagnosis.

Treatment:

Treatment for fetus in fetu typically involves surgical removal of the tumor. This procedure can be complex and requires careful planning and coordination with a team of medical specialists. In some cases, the tumor may be too large or too deeply embedded to be safely removed.

Fetus in fetu is a rare condition, with fewer than 200 cases reported in medical literature. However, it has captured the imagination of the public and has been the subject of numerous books, movies, and TV shows. The idea of a person carrying another person inside them has long been a fascination for storytellers, and the reality of fetus in fetu is no less captivating.

Despite its rarity, fetus in fetu provides important insights into the complexity of human development and the potential for abnormal growth and differentiation. It also highlights the importance of careful prenatal screening and monitoring to detect potential abnormalities early in pregnancy.

Conclusion :

In conclusion, fetus in fetu is a rare congenital abnormality that occurs when a parasitic twin develops inside the body of its sibling. This condition is characterized by the presence of a partially formed fetus within the body of another fetus or infant. Although rare, it is an important reminder of the complexity of human development and the potential for abnormal growth and differentiation. With careful diagnosis and treatment, many cases of fetus in fetu can be successfully managed, allowing affected individuals to live healthy and productive lives.

World Wide Examples :

Huang hijun A 60 years old Chinese woman

One notable example of fetus in fetu comes from China, where a woman named Huang Yijun lived with a calcified fetus in her abdomen for over 60 years. Huang Yijun had been pregnant in 1948, but her doctors were unable to remove the fetus due to a lack of medical resources and her own poverty. Over time, the fetus became calcified and formed a hard mass in her abdomen.Despite her discomfort, Huang Yijun was unable to have the mass removed until 2009, when doctors at a hospital in Guangzhou offered to perform the procedure for free. The surgery was successful, and doctors were able to remove the calcified fetus, which weighed over 4 pounds.Huang Yijun's case is notable not only for the length of time that she lived with the condition, but also for the medical and social factors that contributed to her inability to seek treatment. Her story highlights the importance of access to medical care and the need for continued research into rare medical conditions like fetus in fetu.

In another example of fetus in fetu, a young girl in India underwent surgery to remove an undeveloped fetus from her skull. The girl, who was 4 months old at the time of the surgery, had been experiencing swelling on the right side of her head since birth. Doctors suspected that the swelling was caused by a brain tumor, but further imaging revealed the presence of an undeveloped fetus inside the girl's skull.The fetus was removed in a complex surgery that required careful planning and coordination. The surgical team was able to successfully remove the fetus, which was found to be partially formed and had several well-developed body parts, including a head, limbs, and intestines.The girl made a full recovery from the surgery and was able to return home with her family. Her case, which was reported in the medical journal Neuropathology, is one of the few documented cases of intracranial fetus in fetu and highlights the importance of careful diagnosis and treatment of rare medical conditions.

Intracranial fetus in fetu is a particularly rare form of the condition, with fewer than 20 cases reported in medical literature. The exact cause of intracranial fetus in fetu is not well understood, but it is thought to occur during embryonic development when one twin becomes absorbed by the other.

While cases of fetus in fetu are rare, they provide important insights into the complexity of human development and the potential for abnormal growth and differentiation. Continued research and medical advancements are needed to improve our understanding of these conditions and provide effective treatment options for those affected

What is Celiac disease, its causes, symptoms and cure

 

Inflammation of small intestine 

Celiac disease is a common but often  misunderstood autoimmune disorder that affects the digestive system. The disease causes gluten intolerance, which can lead to a variety of health issues including abdominal pain, weight loss, and anemia. While it is not curable, there are ways to manage the symptoms and live a healthy life.

What is celiac disease?

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes gluten intolerance. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley that can cause inflammation in the small intestine. In individuals with celiac disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks the villi, which are small projections in the lining of the small intestine. As a result, the villi become damaged and can no longer absorb nutrients properly. This can lead to a variety of health issues including malnutrition, weight loss, and anemia.

Celiac disease symptoms 

What are the symptoms of celiac disease?

The symptoms of celiac disease can vary widely between individuals. Some people have no symptoms at all, while others may experience severe and persistent symptoms. Common symptoms of celiac disease include:

Abdominal pain and bloating

Diarrhea

Constipation

Nausea and vomiting

Weight loss

Fatigue

Anemia

Bone and joint pain

Headaches

Itchy skin rash

Celiac disease and gluten intolerance 

What causes celiac disease?

The exact cause of celiac disease is not yet known. However, research suggests that the disease may be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. People with a family history of celiac disease may be more likely to develop the condition. In addition, certain environmental triggers may play a role, such as stress or a viral infection.

Food to avoid in celiac disease 

Other factors that may contribute to the development of celiac disease include:

Early introduction of gluten into an infant's diet

Infections, such as rotavirus or norovirus

Intestinal damage from surgery or injury

Stress or a traumatic event

It's important to note that celiac disease is not a food allergy or food intolerance. It is a serious autoimmune disorder that requires a lifelong commitment to a gluten-free diet to manage symptoms and prevent complications. 

How is celiac disease diagnosed?

Celiac disease can be difficult to diagnose as the symptoms can vary greatly between individuals. However, there are several tests that can help doctors determine whether a person has celiac disease. The most common tests include a blood test and an intestinal biopsy. The blood test checks for certain antibodies that are present in people with celiac disease. The intestinal biopsy involves removing a small piece of tissue from the lining of the small intestine, which is then examined under a microscope to check for damage to the villi.

Is there a cure for celiac disease?

There is currently no cure for celiac disease. However, the condition can be managed through a gluten-free diet. This involves avoiding all foods that contain gluten, such as Barely, Rai, Oats, and Wheat bread, pasta, and cereal. Instead, people with celiac disease can eat a range of gluten-free foods, such as fruits, vegetables, meat, fish, and dairy products.

A gluten-free diet can be challenging to follow, especially as many foods contain hidden sources of gluten. For this reason, it is important to work with a registered dietitian who can help you plan your meals and ensure that you are getting all the nutrients you need.

In addition to a gluten-free diet, there are several medications that can help manage the symptoms of celiac disease. These medications may include anti-inflammatory drugs, immune system suppressants, and corticosteroids. However, these medications are not suitable for everyone and should only be used under the guidance of a doctor.

Gluten-free flour types.

Gluten free flour can also be used instead of whear flour which is easily available now a days. Gluten-free flour is a type of flour that is made from grains or other starchy foods that do not contain gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. People who have celiac disease or a gluten sensitivity cannot consume gluten and must rely on gluten-free alternatives.

Common types of gluten-free flours include:

Almond flour: made from ground almonds, high in protein and healthy fats.

Coconut flour: made from ground coconut meat, high in fiber and low in carbohydrates.

Rice flour: made from ground rice, has a neutral flavor and is commonly used in Asian cuisine.

Buckwheat flour: made from ground buckwheat, which is not a wheat but a fruit seed, has a nutty flavor and is high in fiber.

Chickpea flour: made from ground chickpeas, high in protein and commonly used in Indian cuisine.

Corn flour: made from ground corn, commonly used in baking and as a thickener in sauces.

Potato flour: made from ground potatoes, commonly used in gluten-free bread and pastries.

It's important to note that gluten-free flours behave differently than wheat flour in baking and cooking, so recipes may need to be adjusted accordingly. Additionally, some gluten-free flours may require the addition of xanthan gum or other binders to achieve the desired texture in baked goods.

Conclusion

Celiac disease can be a challenging condition to live with, but with the right care and management, it is possible to live a healthy life. If you suspect that you may have celiac disease, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve your long-term outlook. Remember, there is no cure for celiac disease, but with the right care, you can manage the condition and lead a healthy and happy life.

Earthquakes: Their Causes, Effects, and Mitigation Strategies

In today's topic we'll talk about Earthquakes their Causes, effects, and mitigation Strategies

Introduction

Earthquakes are one of the most devastating natural calamities that can cause widespread destruction and loss of lives.An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the earth's surface caused by the movement of tectonic plates.

 Earthquakes are one of the most devastating natural calamities that can cause widespread destruction and loss of lives.An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the earth's surface caused by the movement of tectonic plates. releasing energy in the form of seismic waves that travel through the earth's surface. These plates are massive slabs of rock that make up the earth's crust, and they constantly move and shift, which can cause stress to build up and lead to earthquakes. Earthquakes can occur anywhere in the world, but they are most common in areas where tectonic plates meet and their intensity and magnitude vary, depending on the location and geological conditions. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of earthquakes, including their causes, effects, and mitigation strategies.

Earth's crust

Causes of Earthquakes

The earth's crust is made up of tectonic plates that float on a molten layer of rock called the mantle. When the plates collide or rub against each other, they cause stress and pressure to build up, leading to seismic activity. Earthquakes can also occur due to volcanic activity, landslides, and human activities such as mining, drilling, and building large dams.

Effects of Earthquakes

The effects of earthquakes can be catastrophic, leading to loss of lives, destruction of property, and disruption of economic activities. The immediate effects of earthquakes include shaking, ground rupture, and liquefaction. The shaking can cause buildings and other structures to collapse, leading to deaths and injuries. Ground rupture occurs when the ground cracks and shifts, leading to uneven terrain, and topography. Liquefaction is a process where soil or sand turns into a liquid-like consistency, leading to landslides and sinkholes.

The long-term effects of earthquakes can also be devastating, including the loss of infrastructure, displacement of people, and economic losses. Reconstructing damaged buildings, bridges, and roads can take years and cost billions of dollars. The psychological effects of earthquakes can also be long-lasting, leading to post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression.

Mitigation Strategies

There are several mitigation strategies that can be adopted to reduce the impact of earthquakes. The primary strategy is to design and build earthquake-resistant buildings and infrastructure. This includes using materials that can withstand shaking, such as reinforced concrete, and constructing structures that can sway and bend without collapsing. Building codes and regulations should also be enforced to ensure that all new constructions meet seismic safety standards.

Another strategy is to develop early warning systems that can provide people with seconds or minutes to take cover before the earthquake strikes. These systems use sensors to detect seismic activity, and the data is analyzed to provide alerts to the public.

Education and awareness campaigns are also essential in mitigating the impact of earthquakes. People should be educated on earthquake preparedness and response, including how to evacuate safely, what to do during an earthquake, and how to provide first aid.

Conclusion

In conclusion, earthquakes are natural disasters that can cause significant loss of lives and property. They occur due to a variety of factors, including tectonic plate movement, volcanic activity, and human activities. Mitigation strategies such as earthquake-resistant construction, early warning systems, and education and awareness campaigns can help reduce the impact of earthquakes. While we can't prevent earthquakes from occurring, we can take steps to minimize their impact and protect ourselves and our communities.